Free Essays on Interest Groups

Intrigue Groups Intrigue bunches are a gathering of individuals who share basic characteristics, perspectives, convictions, and additionally goals who have shaped a conventional association to serve explicit basic interests of the enrollment. Instances of intrigue gatherings would incorporate such different associations as the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the primary school P.T.A., the Teamsters Union, the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Numismatics Association, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Brangus Breeders Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Cosa Nostra, and the Benevolent Order of Elks. Intrigue bunches ordinarily have formal admission to participation, contribution, chose officials, by-laws and ordinary gatherings, and they frequently give data and customary chances to correspondence through bulletins or magazines, support recreational or instructive exercises, arrange volunteer open help ventures, make bargains for bunch limits or gathering protection, etc. Bigger intrigue bunch associations may have full-time paid officials or expert staff to oversee and to enhance the endeavors of part chips in advancing crafted by the association. Many intrigue bunches at any rate periodically participate in some type of campaigning or other political exercises as for issues that touch legitimately on the regular interests that are the association's explanation behind being for instance, the PTA may compose support for a security issue political decision to pay for raising another school building. Some intrigue bunches have political action as their head or just explanation behind being in any case. Intrigue bunches that exist basically for applying political impact as a methods for influencing government approaches or enactment are frequently alluded to by the smaller term pressure gatherings. Since an ever increasing number of exercises have become politicized with th e development of... Free Essays on Interest Groups Free Essays on Interest Groups Intrigue Groups Intrigue bunches are a gathering of individuals who share basic characteristics, perspectives, convictions, or potentially targets who have shaped a proper association to serve explicit basic interests of the participation. Instances of intrigue gatherings would incorporate such dissimilar associations as the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the grade school P.T.A., the Teamsters Union, the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Numismatics Association, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Brangus Breeders Association, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Cosa Nostra, and the Benevolent Order of Elks. Intrigue bunches normally have formal admission to enrollment, levy, chose officials, by-laws and customary gatherings, and they frequently give data and ordinary chances to correspondence through bulletins or magazines, support recreational or instructive exercises, sort out volunteer open assistance ventures, make bargains for bunch limits or gathering protection, etc. Bigger intrigue bunch associations may have full-time paid officials or expert staff to oversee and to enhance the endeavors of part chips in facilitating crafted by the association. Many intrigue bunches at any rate infrequently take part in some type of campaigning or other political exercises regarding issues that touch legitimately on the basic interests that are the association's purpose behind being for instance, the PTA may arrange support for a security issue political decision to pay for raising another school building. Some intrigue bunches have political movement as their head or just purpose behind being in any case. Intrigue bunches that exist basically for applying political impact as a methods for influencing government approaches or enactment are regularly alluded to by the smaller term pressure gatherings. Since an ever increasing number of exercises have become politicized with the extension of. ..

Conflict Between Mole National Park And Larabanga Community Politics Essay

Struggle Between Mole National Park And Larabanga Community Politics Essay Verifiably, protection systems have been ruled by selective administration draws near, saving spots for nature, and to isolate people and different species. As per Adams and McShane (1996) the strategy for building up parks has consistently included the costly activity of evacuating those individuals living on the recently ensured land. In practically all cases, the outcome is a recreation center encompassed by individuals who were avoided from the arranging of the zone, don't comprehend its motivation, get almost no advantage sharing and henceforth don't bolster its reality. Subsequently, neighborhood networks build up an enduring doubt of park specialists, to a limited extent on account of the glaring absence of consideration those specialists, upheld by protectionists, have generally paid to the connection between park nature, the endurance of untamed life and the occupation of the uprooted individuals. In the more drawn out term the impact of the de-linkage of park untamed life f rom town jobs, empowered by the preservationist perspectives on nature on which the national park as an establishment is established, is to make nearby individuals antagonistic to natural life protection (Knight, 2000). In Ghana, the Mole National Park and one of its encompassing networks, Larabanga, have for quite a while being associated with a progression of contentions that have contrarily influenced the quiet concurrence of man and nature. This paper investigates the reasons for the contention and the qualities, premiums and places of the key partners engaged with the contention. An examination of the contention utilizing the social clash hypothesis and different strategies in refereeing is additionally utilized. The creators additionally present another perspective on the contention and present elective debate goals techniques that are material in settling the contention. Comprehensive administration as a key participatory procedure is likewise talked about in the paper. Catchphrases: Environmental Conflict, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Inclusive Governance, Protected Area, Stakeholders Presentation National parks and other natural life holds are a significant source untamed life protection clashes in many pieces of the world. In Ghana, natural life protection clashes are winning in the north of the nation between the recreation center specialists of the Mole National Park (NP) and the recreation center nearby networks particularly Larabanga (Marseille, 2004). Mole NP is a run of the mill case of coercive protection or selective administration, during its creation an arrangement of remotely implemented avoidance was sought after and no genuine endeavors were made to include the nearby networks in the administration of the recreation center (Marseille, 2004). The control of Mole NP is vested in focal government by methods for the Ghanaian Wildlife Division [WD]. During the time the WD and the networks have been participating in a poor relationship which made a rearing chamber for various clash circumstances (Marfo, 2003). Marfo (2003) anyway expresses that as of late there has be en a move from the conventional safeguarding approach in secured zone the executives to the more adaptable idea of preservation through practical use. In spite of a scope of ensured zone [PA] outreach methodologies focused at improving the relationship with the neighborhood networks and diminishing the contentions pressure despite everything exists. The absence of correspondence and the strain between nearby individuals and park staff is a typical topic from various parks (Newmark et al 1993 in Bergin 2001). The WD holds the view that neighborhood networks have done little to change their negative recognitions about the exercises of the Park. Especially the networks encompassing the Mole NP are famous in disregarding park limits and guidelines. Among the nearby networks both doubt and question for natural life staff and harshness over the procedure by which the Park was made is winning. Hulme and Infield (2001) found that the network mentalities towards secured zones is impacted by the idea of network utilization of park assets, the physical closeness to the recreation center, affecting the two issues brought about by wild creatures and negative communications with game authorities, and the historical backdrop of both positive and negative cooperations with park staff. Issue explanation Despite the fact that the Mole NP specialists have put forth attempts to decrease nearby clashes there seems to have been minimal deliberate exertion to apply the standards of peace promotion to ensured territory individuals connections (Hough, 1988). It is generally obvious that the topic of intensity and how it plays itself in explicit clash setting is a significant measurement to the peace promotion issue. The vital job of intensity in characteristic asset peace promotion has driven the discussion in scan for its elements and how to manage it in arrangement and practice. Struggle is an intricate wonder, with the chance of including a few entertainers. Be that as it may, at a shallow level there are just two on-screen characters associated with untamed life protection strife, specifically the nearby national park organization and the neighborhood networks (Hough, 1988). Inside characteristic asset the board one significant reoccurring issue identifies with the topic of how to control and oversee regular assets on an official level while at the same time considering the necessities of the neighborhood populace (Caspary, 1999). The rising test is to support a logical and strategy reexamining of untamed life protection peace making mediation forms, controlling natural life preservation strife towards useful instead of ruinous outcomes favors both the networks living on the edges of the Mole NP just as the recreation center administration. 1.3 Aim of the investigation The point of the examination is planned as follows: To investigate peace making systems in untamed life protection strife utilizing Mole National Park and the Larabanga Community in Ghana as a case with the end goal of making suitable proposals for natural life preservation refereeing Goals So as to accomplish this point, the accompanying explicit targets are figured: To recognize the foundation and nuts and bolts of the contention To investigate the positions, premiums and estimations of the key entertainers and the vital activity practiced during the contention To analyze the linkages of the contention to the establishments and hypotheses of contention and peace promotion By distinguish peace promotion moves toward that are at present being utilized to address the contention To propose elective peace making and participatory methodologies that could be utilized Research questions What is the premise of the contention? Why? Which entertainers are engaged with the contention? Why? What peace making approaches are being utilized or could be utilized Which concept(s) of comprehensive administration, which speculations of majority rules system, is Is the administration procedure participatory and which hypothesis of majority rules system is it based on? The examination of this contextual investigation will concentrate unmistakably on peace promotion procedures and interventionist systems. An outsider mediation procedure will concentrate on understanding the techniques various entertainers use to engage themselves during struggle and giving elective methods of settling the contention towards a useful end. Mole National Park The Ghanaian Wildlife Division is answerable for 15 coordinated ensured regions covering a complete zone of 13,489 sq. km under which Mole National Park, see guide of Mole NP in figure 1. Mole NP is one of the six national stops in Ghana and one of the three set up in the inside savannah. Fig. 1: Map of Ghana demonstrating Mole NP and LarabangaThe IUCN characterizes a National Park as a secured zone oversaw chiefly for biological system insurance and diversion. Mole NP is a class II park by IUCN characterization of secured zones (IUCN, 2010). A National Park is a national resource and as such stays under the locale of a focal authority represented by the WD (Symonds and Hurst, 1998). The Mole NP Protected Area in Ghana and it is viewed as the most lofty regarding its fascination in guests offices for guests (IUCN, 2010). The ensured territories framework in Ghana is intended to save key agent regions of Ghanas differed natural life living space (Symonds and Hurst, 1998). ontextMole National Park (4840 km2) is found in the western portion of the Northern Region in the Guinea prairie zone (see figure 1). Mole is named after the stream Mole which goes through the rationed region. During the 1930s around 2330 km of Mole was at first assigned a Game leeway region for reasons for tsetse control. The approach of game freedom was surrendered and in 1958 a territory of 1,916 sq. km. was formally established as the Mole Game Reserve and put under the Forestry Department (FC, 2010) In 1971, the hold was nearly multiplied in size (4912 km) and gazetted a National park under authoritative instrument 710 of the natural life saves guidelines. In 1992, with the evacuation of another town in the North west the recreation center (Gbantariga), Mole NP was hence stretched out to the present 4840 km (Marseille, 2004). The recreation center is exceptionally well known with voyagers visiting northern Ghana, 93 warm blooded animals, 33 reptiles, 9 creatures of land and water and 304 winged creature species have been recorded at Mole. The predominant faunal species are elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis), wild ox (Syncerus caffer), waterbuck (Kobus defassa), roan pronghorn (Hippotragus equnus), kob eland (Kobus kob), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), warthog (Phacochoerus aethipicus), green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) and olive mandrill (Papio anubis) (FC, 2010). Larabanga people group Roughly 4 kilometers from the passage door of Mole NP lies the town of Larabanga, or Home of the Arabs as its name implies. The Larabanga people group is a 100% Muslim which has being in presence since the fifteenth century and initially a chasing clan (Marseille, 2004). Larabanga is poor rustic network whose principle wellspring of vocation is cultivating clos

My Criminal Behavior Survey free essay sample

In the event that exploration were to fundamentally show that the propensity to perpetrate wrongdoing is acquired, what ought to be done about or for the offspring of vicious hoodlums? If look into somehow happened to show the inclination to carry out wrongdoing is acquired it would change our administration fundamentally. A colossal change with respect to privileges of the residents would happen. In remote nations (populace control) would be the main response to control inclination from actually controlling the populace. Offspring of savage hoodlums ought to be put with relatives at whatever point conceivable. Kids may likewise require some kind of treatment. Projects ought to be set up to screen these youngsters. Over the previous century it has been edited that the discussion of nature refrains sustain is an issue. 2. What projects should society actualize and why? Projects ought to be executed for our children’s needs. Kids may require help from psychiatry and a social laborer to assist them with their issues. We will compose a custom article test on My Criminal Behavior Survey or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Our children’s needs ought to be remembered consistently to show them beneficial things throughout everyday life. Kids ought to be taught on the best way to carry on with a superior life, a wrongdoing free life. Projects to advance games and self-assurance for youngsters show them how to have a superior life. Our kids merit a decent life. 3. What might be the social, strategy, and moral ramifications? Social and arrangement suggestions would be the rules, exercises and rules that influence the day to day environments of human government assistance. They manage the social issues inside the general population. Moral ramifications would be the mortality that is suggested by social issues and the strategies. The moral ramifications might be that kids may follow in their parent’s strides.

Research and Describe Politics In U.S Campaign Finance - 275 Words

Research and Describe Politics In U.S: Campaign Finance (Essay Sample) Content: Campaign FinanceStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationCampaign FinanceThe role of money in politics cannot be underestimated. Campaign spending is constitutionally acceptable as it is significant in informing and marshaling citizens (Tom, 2016). However, the purpose that money serves in politics has to be balanced to what is needed, to enable the government to serve all its citizens equally to establish a common good. In a democratic world, common good and justice implies equal access to government allocation of services and other essentials. The implication is that a good government can only exist when social class, resources, money, and power are not unduly favored at the cost of the general public. Overall, despite the pros that money may have in American politics, using large sums of money in politics and campaign has numerous cons and greatly threatens and sabotages democracy.The first con associated with using large amounts of money in politics is that it can po tentially prompt politicians to favor the special interests of the rich while putting the interests of the ordinary citizens at stake (Tom, 2016). When ideas, so vital for an ideal democracy, are manipulated and controlled by fancies of a few individuals, then the country risks losing its grip on democracy and fairness, by ignoring the wisdom and the voice of its ordinary citizens. In this sense, big money in politics corrupts our democracy. Though proponents of big money in politics claim it is advantageous, arguing that donors support political candidates who share their political beliefs, this claim may not be factual in the long-run. When large amount of money are let to flow in campaigns and politics, there will be a shift in the representation of interests (Tom, 2016). Rather than representing the interests of the ordinary people who take part in voting them in, politicians who spend huge sums of money in campaigns will tend to represent the interests of the wealthy individua ls who fund such campaigns. In this case, the much needed democracy will no longer be serving the people it is meant to serve. Rather, it would be serving about 1 percent of the countrys population, consisting of those who buy  elections.The second con brought about by the use of big money in politics is that it filters out moderate candidates. Money givers and party activists tend to dominate political campaigns as they hold great views (Tom, 2016). As a result, the unfortunate but partisan candidates are rejected since they lack the big advantage. Supporters of big money in politics contend that big money in politics has the advantage of funding political parties and their campaign activities and hence is a vital way for individuals to participate in politics. However, these wealthy candidates source money from financially successful professionals and entrepreneurs who often hold somewhat conservative views on economic regulation, taxes, and public welfare spending. Consequentl y, the financially fortunate candidates who hold view that are not widely acceptable to the citizens get elected or nominated. This therefore sabotages democracy. Therefore, using big money in politics is a threat to democracy since it leads to inequitable involvement in politics. Wealthy citizens tend to have a greater influence by working in campaigns, contacting officials, and facilitating the voting process (Tom, 2016). Such people do not get involved in politics by contributing to campaigns. Rather, they tend to be very active in other aspects too. Such involvements hence underscore their prominence to the candidates.The third con of using big money in politics is that big money has the potential to alter the outcome of elections. Advocates of big money in politics argue that that money is often not meant for bribing citizens or altering the outcomes of elections. However, the major concern with big money in politics is not corruption or bribery. Also, the problem is not havin g the elections won by the greatest spender. After all, we all know that however much a politician spends; the public will not support the politician if he or she does not otherwise support that candidate. According to Tom (2016), this was evident in the case of Jeb Bush, a Republican presidential candidate who failed despite using large amounts of money in his campaign. Rather, the major issue of concern is that individuals who donate and spends such large amounts of money possess extremely powerful influence over the candidate to be elected. In addition, they have considerable influence on the policies to be pursued than any other person. In view of Tom (2016), Bush had many chances to present his case for election and also to be perceived serious, merely because of the many affluent individuals who surrounded him, but not because many voters supported him. Therefore, regardless of limited public funding, large contributors have the power to command substantial influence over a pa rty or a candidate. Moreover, money spent on turnout, media, and those spent in organizing elections can increase vote totals, providing a considerable advantage to candidates aligned to money givers (Tom, 2016). Besides, large amount of money can buy access to officials. For example, when the major contributors contact electoral officials, they are likely to be given attention. In such a case, their economic power enables them afford a hearing. In the process, such individuals might provide some critical information, help, or expertise. Some can go to an extent of drafting bills. Undoubtedly, such processes increase the influence of the wealthy on policy matters, thereby altering public agenda to only comprehensively cover the concerns of the wealthy.Fourthly, the use of big money in politics is disadvantageous because it increases the likelihood of the candidate in question to be deemed more able and serious. Much as proponents of big money in politics argue that big money gives t he donors access to present a case, research findings have indicated that the rich have a higher likelihood of having their needs and preferences passed into law compared to everyone else (Tom, 2016). Similarly, the views of extremely rich individuals appear to be somewhat different from those of ordinary citizens. Overall, the major problem with the affluent manipulating and influencing the elections is that the ordinary citizens allow those with robust economic power to change it into political power. Such an act is purely and squarely anti-democratic. In view of Tom (2016), people who donate huge amounts of money to political candidates or political groups do so since they trust the candidates supported by these groups. According to recent research findings, donors support political candidates who share their political beliefs (Tom, 2016). Much as these claims may be factual in the short term, majority of donors support political candidates for purposes of seeking an economic gai n in the long run. They aim at having an influence in the policy making process so that they can manipulate laws to favor their demands. From their obsession with politics, we are likely to think that these private organizations that fund political parties, can boost those parties that have policies which suit their business interests. More often, such interests are always in parallel with the other members of the community, thereby amounting to biases (Tom, 2016). Indeed, conflicting with some parties or policies is part and parcel of being democratic. However, the unrestricted flow of large amounts of money can imply that the rich minority has the power to influence and manipulate the process of making policies at the cost of the public go...

Dickens Use of the Word Hand - 3157 Words

Dickens Use of the Word Hand [Dickens] genius is descriptive; he can describe a thing so vividly#8212;and so influentially#8212;that no one can look at that thing in the same way again. John Irving The King of the Novel Descriptive Dickens Use of the Word Hand Charles Dickens description in Great Expectations is a telling example of why people consider him one of the greatest and most successful novelists ever. Dickens uses his talent for descriptive writing throughout Great Expectations to develop his characters and themes. Many of these themes emerge from Dickens personal experiences, specifically his emphasis on the importance of education and his ideas that wealth and position are†¦show more content†¦The most common definition of the word hand in the American Heritage Dictionary is: the terminal part of the human arm below the wrist, consisting of the palm, four fingers, and an opposable thumb, used for grasping and holding. There are eighteen other literal meanings for the word hand as well as innumerable metaphorical meanings. In Great Expectations Dickens uses literal meanings, symbolism, and repetition of the word hand in order to develop his characters; in particular, the repetition of the word hand assists Dickens illustrate two of his major themes: the importance of education and the idea that wealth and position are corrupting. Dickens uses hand imagery to develop several of his major and minor characters. The characters range from Drummle (Pips adversary) all the way to the main character, Pip himself. Drummle is depicted as a man of shady character. During a conversation at the Jaggers estate, Drummle hides his hands in his pockets. Drummle attempts to use physical violence to settle an argument rather than communicating like a true gentleman (G.E. 201). Though Drummle is a minor character, his actions play a major role in the lives of Estella and Pip. Estella is theShow MoreRelatedA Christmas Carol (Charles Dickens)1144 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens believed it was up to him to inform the people of Britain of the social problems occurring around Britain. While Dickens was a young man, he suffered from poverty along with his mother and father. His father was imprisoned for dept and Charles wanted to become a social reformer. Dickens used these problems as themes for his book ‘A Christmas Carol. These themes involve poverty, pollution and a changing of ways. Dickens used Scrooge, the main character in the book at first to showRead MoreDickens Great Expectations1378 Words   |  6 PagesDickens Great Expectations In this essay, I will compare the presentation of Pip as a young boy with that of Pip as an adult in Great Expectations. This novel is about a young orphan boy Pip who is given great expectations, when an unknown benefactor gives him money to become a gentleman. In the process he travels to London, deserting the people who care for him. This is a typical Victorian novel in that it has sentimental deathbed scenes such as Magwhichs whichRead MoreA Christmas Carol854 Words   |  4 PagesA Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. In this extract we are presented with Scrooge. From the beginning Scrooge is presented as a miser. In the extract we find out that he is an old, rude and ignorant man that doesn’t appreciate others around him. Dickens uses different language techniques to describe Scrooges appearance as clear as possible. In the opening paragraph Dickens uses imagery to create a vivid impression of Scrooge. He is described as ‘a tight-fisted hand at the grind-stone’, and thisRead MoreMystery and Suspense in Dickens Short Story The Signalman Essay512 Words   |  3 PagesThe Signalman was first published in the Mugby Junction Christmas Edition book in eighteen sixty six. The Clayton Tunnel Crash in eighteen sixty one is believed to have inspired Dickens to write the short story the Signalman. During the time that Dickens was writing the Victorians had a fixation with the paranormal also there were many technological advances one of them being the steam train. The Signalman has two main characters in it, one is the narrator who speaks in first person, and theRead MoreHow Does The Author Use Language From Present Scrooge s Unpleasant Personality?1376 Words   |  6 PagesHow does the author use language to present Scrooge s unpleasant personality? Charles dickens uses insults to portray Scrooge s unpleasant personality. This can be alluded from Stave 1 in the novel where Scrooge can be seen snubbing the charity workers who came seeking for a donation. If they would rather die, [...] they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population., such insult allows the reader to comprehend that Scrooge is nothing more than a greedy man who solely believes that theRead MoreA Christmas Carol Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesA Christmas Carol was written by Charles Dickens in 1843. Life for the lower class during this time was extremely hard because of enormous amounts of illnesses, young children worked and no education. A Christmas Carol was set in mid 19th century, during this time people had a really bad time; most of the people was unemployed and the people who were employed were paid deficiently, others were seasonal or casual, which meant they were when work was available so most of the families lived in povertyRead MoreGreat E xpectations Motif Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hands Society Motif Essay Throughout time society as a whole has greatly changed and developed to what it is now. One major part of the society is the social class structure. In Charles Dickens’ novel, Great Expectations, Dickens expresses his beliefs on that structure in many ways. Since Dickens wrote the novel during the Victorian Era it reflects and evaluates the beliefs and values of the time. For the most part ones place in the social order was based on wealth and the reputationRead MoreEssay on The Personality of Scrooge1338 Words   |  6 PagesEbenezer Scrooge is the major character in the story, A Christmas Carol written by Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol is about how a â€Å"cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish† money grabbing man is offered an opportunity of a life time, to change his behaviour, attitude... to have a second chance in life. The theme of this novella is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really wantRead MoreThe Personality of Scrooge Essay example1341 Words   |  6 PagesEbenezer Scrooge is the major character in the story, A Christmas Carol written by Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol is about how a â€Å"cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish† money grabbing man is offered an opportunity of a life time, to change his behaviour, attitude... to have a second chance in life. The theme of this novella is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really wantRead MoreScrooges Transformation in Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesEbenezer Scrooge is the major character in the story, A Christmas Carol written by Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol is about how a â€Å"cold-hearted, tight fisted, selfish† money grabbing man is offered an opportunity of a life time, to change his behaviour, attitude... to have a second chance in life. The theme of this novel is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really want to

Case Study on MBO Cinemas-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Customer Perceived Value on Customer Satisfaction and Retention, a Case Study on MBO Cinemas, Malaysia. Answer: The Impact of Customer Perceived Value on Customer Satisfaction and Retention, a Case Study on MBO Cinemas, Malaysia The purpose of this project is to find out the relationship which exists between customers' perceived values, their satisfaction, and retention among the consumers of MCAT Box Office Cinema services in Malaysia. Methodology: This project shall examine the connection between consumers' perceived value of MBO Cinema services with customer satisfaction and retention. Some questionnaires will be used in measuring consumers' perceived values, satisfaction, and reliability towards MCAT Box Office Cinema services in Malaysia. Questionnaires will be dispersed to the present subscribers of the MBO Cinema services in various locations such as Alor Star Mall, Landmark Central, Kepong Village Mall, Harbour Place, and Sitiawan. The overall number of subscribers for this MCAT Box Office Cinema services in Malaysia is confidential and cannot be publicized. In consideration of the net number of questions per questionnaire (54), the total number of samples shall be 270 (for 10 percent verge of error) to 540 (for 5 percent verge of error). In this case, the researchers due to various factors such as timeline for the project completion, 5% margin of error will be chosen. In order to ascertain the marked sampl e size is accomplished, 400 set of questionnaires will be disseminated to the MBO consumers randomly for them to fill all subdivisions of the feedback form. In addition to the questionnaires, other customer satisfaction metrics to be used shall include Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT), Net Promoter Score (NPS), Customer Effort Score (CES), and Customer Effort Score (CES). Theoretical approaches: The correlation between consumers perceived values and consumer satisfaction of the MCAT Box Office Cinema services in Malaysia services will be scrutinized using Pearsons Correlation and the findings will be is presented in tabular format. The customers perceived values to be taken into consideration, in this case, are social, emotional, and economic values. It is a common knowledge that consumers perceived qualities of services, satisfaction and customer value have been the most significant success factors of business regardless of their respective sectors (Johnson, Herrmann, Huber, and Gustafsson, eds., 2012). Observing the subject of customer perceived value is imperative since, as opposed to perceived quality; perceived value is far much directly connected to customers readiness-to-consume. According to Oliver, (2014) the general aim of offering value to consumers unceasingly and more efficiently than other similar service providers is to have and to reta in vastly satisfied clientele. In other words, the three values are positively correlated with customer satisfaction and retention. Research questions: The research questions for the project will be categorized into two types, namely, explanatory and descriptive questions. As Lewis, (2015) states they will help in establishing the primary goal of the research and they include: What do the conceptions of consumer satisfaction and retention mean and what are some of the factors impacting them in MCAT Box Office Cinema services in Malaysia? What is the correlation between the conceptions of consumer satisfaction and consumer retention? How can consumer satisfaction and consumer retention be augmented from the case Corporations point of view? Details of participant population: Various factors shall be put into consideration when sampling the population to take part in the study. These will include their period of subscription to the services offered by MBO Cinema, age, and location. This aspect will aid in increasing the accuracy of the information gathered as well as its validity and dependability References Johnson, M.D., Herrmann, A., Huber, F. and Gustafsson, A. eds., 2012.Customer retention in the automotive industry: quality, satisfaction, and loyalty. Springer Science Business Media. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge.

Satire in Swift`S a Model Proposal Essay Example

Satire in Swift`S a Model Proposal Essay Jonathan Swift is an Irish writer from the 18th century and was known as a satirist, essayist and a political pamphleteer. He is the author of Guiltier s Travels, A Journal to Stella, Drapers Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, A Tale of a Tub and A Modest Proposal. His last work, A Modest Proposal is an occasional essay in which he gives a response to an economical problem which shatters and weakens Ireland at that time, but his response is satiric and he gives rational solutions. According to the Classic Encyclopedia, based on the 1 lath Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannic, Jonathan Swift Is a satirist struggling with a most uncongenial form of expression. HIS text Is based on solid argumentation, although Irrational and unpractical, and also well structured. He begins by Glenn a description of the city of Dublin which Is In a poor state crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms. Only in his fourth paragraph he states his idea, his great Lana, and he does it by telling the reader that he had heavily reflected on it, his words being having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors. He ultimately suggests that Irelands greatest problem concerns him very much, and so he is obliged to come up with a solution for the love of his country. We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Swift`S a Model Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Swift`S a Model Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Swift`S a Model Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He implies that he had thought of many schemes but only one he thought to be of any help. His humbly position Is in contrasts with the end of his essay which can be Interpreted as his untouchable position, his plan cannot hurt him. Only after explaining to the reader the advantage of his scheme he tells them what It Implies, and that Is eating them while young and tender. This idea, eating young children, is given to him by an American, a very knowing American ,as he refers to him and it bears several connotations. From one point of view, a possible cause of including the Americans would be their perception that Irish, or other nation in general, is inferior to them, like savages, and Swift mocks them, and by using satire he shows them that Irish are capable of eating their children. From another point of view, Swift might show the reader that the Americans re the savage ones, due to the fact that he got the hint from one, he might imply that Americans are able to eat their children. Swift gives In the Preface to The Battle of the Books, 1704 the following definition of satire Satire Is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybodys face but their own, which Is the chief reason for that kind of reception it meets In the world, and that so very few are offended with It. and as a support of his theory he ends halls essay In an unexpected way. He says I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to promote this accessory work, navels no toner motive tan ten puddle good AT my country, DAY advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich. I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife past child-bearing. which can either mean that he bears in mind only the welfare of his country or that he cannot be touched by it, as I previously mentioned, his child being too old to be eaten or sold and his wife past childbearing. As The new Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and attics say Despite the aesthetic and often comic or witty pleasure associated with much satire , their authors incline toward self- promotion as Judges of morals and manners, of behavior and thought. a writer may use irony to Judge to set some moral guidelines. Swift uses irony to mock some of Irish habits and some common belief which were very popular at that time, a person who has authority over every one who lives in his territory. He speaks about landlords, he says that Androids, who as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title to the children to help him sustain his theory. He mocks that the landlord is the highest authority and everyone must obey him. If the landlord would approve his theory, that would mean that all of the children from under his territory would be sold to him, whether the parents approve of it or not. Another element which belongs to the sphere of satire is the relationship be tween the title and the content of the text. Ata first reading of the title, A Modest Proposal which has a small introduction, by which the author explains the reason of his pamphlet, For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public Swift may lead the reader into thinking that his proposal is fairly practical and useful; a reader may have expected an economical plan with may numbers and logical facts. Its ironic, but in a way, he did offer the reader numbers The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children, although I apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom; but this being ranted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. and this gives the text authenticity, but his ideas are, nevertheless, immoral and unpractical. The reason of writing such a modest proposal is given by Carol Fabricate As a parody of the many fatuous proposals for dealing with the problem put forward by writers who had little understanding of the situation. According to what Fabricate says, there were created may systems to try and help Ireland overcome the economical problems, but all were proved to be useless. Swift mocks those who do not know how to write, and for that, he built with good and viable arguments an idea which is immoral, to show them that any idea can be proven, but that does not necessarily make it a good one. Carol Fabricate highlights that A Modest Proposal is an occasional essay and must be understood as a response to an economical problem. Its purpose is to mock the Irishmen, those who continue to write but do not understand what they are writing.

My analysis of The Hours (middle section) essays

My analysis of The Hours (middle section) essays The second third of this book is even more interesting. I am starting to notice certain objects and such in the stories kind of running together in all three people. Also the plot is beginning to become better and more interesting. I have also noticed that each of the characters are becoming more and more depressed or in a way more crazy than before. I have noticed that the stories are starting to use some of the same themes or objects in each story. One in particular is when Mrs. Brown was making a cake for her husband and wanted to make it perfect. She was putting icing on it then she put yellow flowers around the edges then she put Happy Birthday Dan on the cake but she became very frustrated because the n on the name Dan got squished on the side of the flower and looked bad. Then when Virginia had her nephews and niece over they had found a dead bird. They decided to make a bow to let it die in and they put grass in the bottom of it (like frosting on a cake) then the niece wanted to put red roses around the outside first and Virginia asked if it would be better to but the bird in first then the flowers but the niece said no. So that was a pretty big coincidence between the two stories. Then in Mrs. Brown story she made a reference to Virginia about how she put rocks in her pockets and drowned herself. That was out of no where, well at least to me, so I did not get that part. The plots are also getting more interesting between all the characters. Mrs. Brown is talking about how she loves her husband yet she ends up kissing her best friend on the lips. That was a little strange to me but I guess she is really unsure of her life. It is just that she kissed her friend in front of her son and he saw everything. That must have traumatized him or something! Then Clarissa likes Richard but he also likes another lady and somehow everyone is fine with this they just share him or swap every other night an...

The Ethics Of Software Piracy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ethics Of Software Piracy - Research Paper Example Introduction Software piracy is a process of the illegal replication of applications and software. Additionally, the software piracy is known as pessimistically influencing the users by raising prices as well as minimizing finances for exploration and advancements of upcoming inventions of software. At the present, software piracy has become a well known term and is getting augmented attention of software development firms. In view of the fact that majority of software is utilized with exclusive rights as well as created by other corporations can be used with some limitations (such as duration of software use, license period). In this scenario, software development businesses are implementing severe restrictions along with copyright rules and regulations against such types of the prohibited actions. However, all these measures are not enough. There is a dire need for more enhanced actions and methods for restricting such types of activities (Online Ethics Center for Engineering; BizO ffice). This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of software piracy as an unethical issue in IT field. This paper also outlines the typical reasons that people use to justify their piracy activities. Software Piracy The illegal duplication of computer software is known is software piracy. Though majority of computer users at present know that unauthorized utilization and replication of software is unlawful and unethical, but many of them demonstrate a general disrespect for the significance of considering software as precious intellectual possessions. In this regard, national copyright rules as well as regulations are used to secure the computer software. These rules define that users are not authorized to create a copy of particular software for some other cause than as an archival support without authorization of the copyright owner (archive support means data or information developed through those software such as docs files are developed by MS Word but we can make as many co pies of docs files and store them). On the other hand, the illegal replica of computer software can also be recognized as theft. In this regard, in 1990, the PC software business faced a loss of $2.4 billion in the US only as well as more than $10 billion globally, from some comprehensive approximations by the Software Publishers Association. In fact, computer software piracy is not same as copying other media that is recorded, like that compact disks as well as videotapes, for the reason that there is no deprivation in the value of the copy produced. Additionally, the computer business is the only business that allows the customer to become a developer’s assistant. In this scenario, customer plays an important role in the development of that software. A software application copied again and again will work accurately similar to the genuine. However, the actual software which took years to be built can be duplicated or copied in a fraction of seconds. Though software is costl y to build up, however some low cost Personal Computer can be employed to produce an inexpensive copy of the software (BizOffice; Kayne; Safe-Net). Therefore software piracy is considered as a most serious unethical issue and requires extensive attentions along with public awareness for protection of the intellectual property. Types of Software Piracy There are different types of

Voltaire's Candide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voltaire's Candide - Essay Example The author’s own perception of God is presented in the work where Voltaire expresses his hatred for the churches abuse and lust for power. The work also presents the author’s atheist views. There are various aesthetic reasons why the novel is of great readership. The novel is an attempt to question the supposed inexorableness of vice, evil and anguish. Among them, one serious consideration is the dualism of optimism challenged all through the novel, by pessimism. This dualism of concepts is one of the significant reasons that make the novel aesthetically enjoyable. What Voltaire is interested in is a satire of philosophical optimism put forward by Leibniz. Voltaire is successful in countering the belief that God, in his immeasurable wisdom, created the best sufficient world. In challenging the concept of optimism, Voltaire works through the characters and their experience in life. Anti-heroism is the tool used to the best effect of mockery against the philosophy of the Enlightenment. The hero of the novel, Candide, wanders around the world with the Enlightenment ideas. Doctor Pangloss’s (a caricature of Leibniz) theory that â€Å"everything is for the best† (2) drives him forward. During his journey, Candide comes across various difficulties. But, he does not give up his search for Cunegonde, with optimism learned from his master. Voltaire challenges the logic of the optimistic theory of the world. The utter illogicality of the doctrine is clear in the words â€Å"if Columbus had not caught, on an American island, this sickness which attacks the source of generation†¦ we should have neither chocolate nor cochineal† (2). Candide is a novel that tells a pleasing story. At the same time, the novel is also a satire that mocks the t heory of optimism that believes in a better world for human existence. Voltaire presents his version of optimism through the idea of society. "When he [Voltaire] wishes to seriously justify a moral precept he does

Tides and Times Essay Example for Free

Tides and Times Essay Time is like an ocean bed with each passing tides brings something new, Tides and Times is an article about the history that affected our generation, people that continue to inspire for as long as we can remember. Fernandez mentioned historical people who shape and influence his life and how any person can make big changes no matter how small his/her accomplished. He state that any person can be part of history, can pass something down to the next generation and should never be ashamed of what we did. Fernandez was saying that change is part of nature and let change be part of our life just people we met change our lives how they affect us and to it to others. Do what you do best be proud of who you are no matter what people say not matter what the situation are. We are not like the people on the books, articles and in the past maybe we can never be like them but what really matter is what we can do in our times to show our spark. The article discuss Jose Rizal about how he was one in a million how he try to avoid revolution at any cost that he was able to fulfill his dreams despite his hardship even at the cost of his life. Even people who wanted to good but ended up failing, Alfred Nobel created the dynamite so that people would fear the power of other countries and stop fighting but only ending up creating more fight between the nations and was named as the merchant of death even after all that Alfred continue to do and search what he could do for mankind. People do great things that no other would do and we record those things in spite of that why? We continue to search for better and amazing things we do it because we are not condiment is because we want to not for us but for the world. Sometimes we do even know that people made a big change in our lives we need to know what did that person do and how did it affects us thousands of people come and go their all part of us.

Developing Collaborative Partnerships :: Workforce Work Essays

Developing Collaborative Partnerships Collaboration has become the byword of the 1990s as a strategy for systemic change in human services, education, government, and community agencies. Increasingly, public and private funders are rewarding or requiring collaborative efforts. The advent of block grants is creating an urgent need for integrated, locally controlled services. Shrinking resources are causing many organizations to consider the potential benefits of working together. States are looking at ways to integrate their economic, work force, and technology development efforts (Bergman 1995). Perhaps most important is the realization that the complex problems and needs of families, workers, and communities are not being met effectively by existing services that are "fragmented, crisis oriented, discontinuous, and episodic" (Kadel 1991, p. vi). Collaboration involves more intense, long-term efforts than do cooperation or coordination. Collaborating agencies make a formal, sustained commitment to accomplishing a shared, clearly defined mission. Collaborative efforts can overcome such problems as fragmentation of client needs into distinct categories that ignore interrelated causes and solutions. They can make more services available or improve their accessibility and acceptability to clients (Melaville and Blank 1993). Collaborations require a change in thinking--the ability to see the "big picture"--and in operating--alteration of structures, policies, and rules to make service delivery seamless. Such changes, or "paradigm busting" (Bendle/Carman 1996) can be intimidating or threatening; in addition, other barriers must be overcome in order to make partnerships work: negative past experiences with collaboration; difficult past/present relationships among agencies; competition and turf issues; personality conflicts; differing organizational norms, values, and ideologies; lack of precedent; and fear of risk (Anderson 1996; National Assembly 1991). This Brief looks at successful collaborations involving work force development, family literacy, and welfare reform to identify the elements that make collaborations effective. Based on existing guidelines and successful programs, the steps needed to create and sustain collaborative relationships are described to help adult, career, and vocational educator s forge the linkages that could improve services. Collaborative Examples One-stop career centers are collaborative efforts among agencies that have traditionally provided employment and training services such as information, counseling, referral, and placement; U.S. Department of Labor funding has supported their development in several states. Before the federal initiative, a prototype arose in Waukesha, Wisconsin (Anderson 1996), where the Workforce Development Center provides an integrated, seamless system of employment services through the joint efforts of nine public and private agencies, including the state job service, a technical college, child care center, labor organization, and county health and human services department.

Most Opposition to Abortion Relies Essay

A Defense of Abortion Author(s): Judith Jarvis Thomson Source: Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Autumn, 1971), pp. 47-66 Published by: Blackwell Publishing Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2265091 Accessed: 10/01/2010 00:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. Blackwell Publishing is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophy and Public Affairs. http://www. jstor. org JUDITH JARVISTHOMSON A Defense of Abortion’ Most opposition to abortion relies on the premise that the fetus is a human being, a person, from the moment of conception. The premise is argued for, but, as I think, not well. Take, for example, the most common argument. We are asked to notice that the development of a human being from conception through birth into childhood is continuous; then it is said that to draw a line, to choose a point in this development and say â€Å"before this point the thing is not a person, after this point it is a person† is to make an arbitrary choice, a choice for which in the nature of things no good reason can be given. It is concluded that the fetus is, or anyway that we had better say it is, a person from the moment of conception. But this conclusion does not follow. Similar things might be said about the development of an acorn into an oak tree, and it does not follow that acorns are oak trees, or that we had better say they are. Arguments of this form are sometimes called â€Å"slippery slope arguments†-the phrase is perhaps self-explanatory-and it is dismaying that opponents of abortion rely on them so heavily and uncritically. I am inclined to agree, however, that the prospects for â€Å"drawing a line† in the development of the fetus look dim. I am inclined to think also that we shall probably have to agree that the fetus has already become a human person well before birth. Indeed, it comes as a surprise when one first learns how early in its life it begins to acquire human characteristics. By the tenth week, for example, it already has i. I am very much indebted to James Thomson for discussion, criticism, and many helpful suggestions. 48 Philosophy ; Public Affairs a face, arms and legs, fingers and toes; it has internal organs, and brain activity is detectable. 2 On the other hand, I think that the premise is false, that the fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree. But I shall not discuss any of this. For it seems to me to be of great interest to ask what happens if, for the sake of argument, we allow the premise. How, precisely, are we supposed to get from there to the conclusion that abortion is morally impermissible? Opponents of abortion commonly spend most of their time establishing that the fetus is a person, and hardly any time explaining the step from there to the impermissibility of abortion. Perhaps they think the step too simple and obvious to require much comment. Or perhaps instead they are simply being economical in argument. Many of those who defend abortion rely on the premise that the fetus is not a person, but only a bit of tissue that will become a person at birth; and why pay out more arguments than you have to? Whatever the explanation, I suggest that the step they take is neither easy nor obvious, that it calls for closer examination than it is commonly given, and that when we do give it this closer examination we shall feel inclined to reject it. I propose, then, that we grant that the fetus is a person. from the moment of conception. How does the argument go from here? Something like this, I take it. Every person has a right to life. So the fetus has a right to life. No doubt the mother has a right to decide what shall happen in and to her body; everyone would grant that. But surely a person’s right to life is stronger and more stringent than the mother’s right to decide what happens in and to her body, and so outweighs it. So the fetus may not be killed; an abortion may not be performed. It sounds plausible. But now let me ask you to imagine this. You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers 2. Daniel Callahan, Abortion: Law, Choice and Morality (New York, 1970), p. 373. This book gives a fascinating survey of the available information on abortion. The Jewish tradition is surveyed in David M. Feldman, Birth Control in Jewish Law (New York, i968), Part 5, the Catholic tradition in John T. Noonan, Jr. , â€Å"An Almost Absolute Value in History,† in The Morality of Abortion, ed. John T. Noonan, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass. , 1970). 49 A Defense of Abortion has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist’s circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, â€Å"Look, we’re sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you-we would never have permitted it if we had known. But still, they did it, and the violinist now is plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it’s only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can safely be unplugged from you. † Is it morally incumbent on you to accede to this situation? No doubt it would be very nice of you if you did, a great kindness. But do you have to accede to it? What if it were not nine months, but nine years? Or longer still? What if the director of the hospital says, â€Å"Tough luck, I agree, but you’ve now got to stay in bed, with the violinist plugged into you, for the rest of your life. Because remember this. All persons have a right to life, and violinists are persons. Granted you have a right to decide what happens in and to your body, but a person’s right to life outweighs your right to decide what happens in and to your body. So you cannot ever be unplugged from him. † I imagine you would regard this as outrageous, which suggests that something really is wrong with that plausible-sounding argument I mentioned a moment ago. In this case, of course, you were kidnapped; you didn’t volunteer for the operation that plugged the violinist into your kidneys. Can those who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned make an exception for a pregnancy due to rape? Certainly. They can say that persons have a right to life only if they didn’t come into existence because of rape; or they can say that all persons have a right to life, but that some have less of a right to life than others, in particular, that those who came into existence because of rape have less. But these statements have a rather unpleasant sound. Surely the question of whether you have a right to life at all, or how much of it you have, shouldn’t turn on the question of whether or not you are the product of a rape. And in fact the people who oppose abortion on the ground I mentioned do not make this distinction, and hence do not make an exception in case of rape. 50 Philosophy ; Public Affairs Nor do they make an exception for a case in which the mother has to spend the nine months of her pregnancy in bed. They would agree that would be a great pity, and hard on the mother; but all the same, all persons have a right to ife, the fetus is a person, and so on. I suspect, in fact, that they would not make an exception for a case in which, miraculously enough, the pregnancy went on for nine years, or even the rest of the mother’s life. Some won’t even make an exception for a case in which continuation of the pregnancy is likely to shorten the mother’s life; they regard abortion as impermissible even to save the mother’s life. Such cases are nowadays very rare, and many opponents of abortion do not accept this extreme view. Moreover, in killing the child, one would be killing an innocent person, for the child has committed no crime, and is not aiming at his mother’s death. And then there are a variety of ways in which this 3. The term â€Å"direct† in the arguments I refer to is a technical one. Roughly, what is meant by â€Å"direct killing† is either killing as an end in itself, or killing as a means to some end, for example, the end of saving someone else’s life. See note 6, below, for an example of its use. 51 A Defense of Abortion might be continued. i) But as directly killing an innocent person is always and absolutely impermissible, an abortion may not be performed. Or, (2) as directly killing an innocent person is murder, and murder is always and absolutely impermissible, an abortion may not be performed. Because unplugging you would be directly killing an innocent violinist, and that’s murder, and that’s impermissible. † If anything in the world is true, it is that you do not commit murder, you do not do what is impermissible, if you reach around to your back and unplug yourself from that violinist to save your life. The main focus of attention in writings on abortion has been on what a third party may or may not do in answer to a request from a woman for an abortion. This is in a way understandable. Things being as they are, there isn’t much a woman can safely do to abort herself. So the question asked is what a third party may do, and what the mother may do, if it is mentioned at all, is deduced, almost as an afterthought, from what it is concluded that third parties may do. But it seems to me that to treat the matter in this way is to refuse to grant to the mother that very status of person which is so firmly insisted on for the fetus. For we cannot simply read off what a person may do from what a third party may do. Suppose you find yourself trapped in a tiny house with a growing child. I mean a very tiny house, and a rapidly growing child-you are already up against the wall f the house and in a few minutes you’ll be crushed to death. The child on the other hand won’t be crushed to death; if nothing is done to stop him from growing he’ll be hurt, but in the end he’ll simply burst open the house and walk out a free man. Now I could well understand it if a bystander were to say, â€Å"There’s nothing we can do for you. We c annot choose between your life and his, we cannot be the ones to decide who is to live, we cannot intervene. † But it cannot be concluded that you too can do nothing, that you cannot attack it to save your life. However innocent the child may be, you do not have to wait passively while it crushes you to death. Perhaps a pregnant woman is vaguely felt to have the status of house, to which we don’t allow the 53 A Defense of Abortion right of self-defense. But if the woman houses the child, it should be remembered that she is a person who houses it. 1 should perhaps stop to say explicitly that I am not claiming that people have a right to do anything whatever to save their lives. I think, rather, that there are drastic limits to the right of self-defense. If someone threatens you with death unless you torture someone else to death, I think you have not the right, even to save your life, to do so. But the case under consideration here is very different. In our case there are only two people involved, one whose life is threatened, and one who threatens it. Both are innocent: the one who is threatened is not threatened because of any fault, the one who threatens does not threaten because of any fault. For this reason we may feel that we bystanders cannot intervene. But the person threatened can. In sum, a woman surely can defend her life against the threat to it posed by the unborn child, even if doing so involves its death. And this shows not merely that the theses in (i) through (4) are false; it shows also that the extreme view of abortion is false, and so we need not canvass any other possible ways of arriving at it from the argument I mentioned at the outset. 2. The extreme view could of course be weakened to say that while abortion is permissible to save the mother’s life, it may not be performed by a third party, but only by the mother herself. But this cannot be right either. For what we have to keep in mind is that the mother and the unborn child are not like two tenants in a small house which has, by an unfortunate mistake, been rented to both: the mother owns the house. The fact that she does adds to the offensiveness of deducing that the mother can do nothing from the supposition that third parties can do nothing. But it does more than this: it casts a bright light on the supposition that third parties can do nothing. Certainly it lets us see that a third party who says â€Å"I cannot choose between you† is fooling himself if he thinks this is impartiality. If Jones has found and fastened on a certain coat, which he needs to keep him from freezing, but which Smith also needs to keep him from freezing, then it is not impartiality that says â€Å"I cannot choose between you† when Smith owns the coat. Women have said again and again â€Å"This body is my body! † and they have reason to feel angry, reason to feel that it has been like shouting into the wind. Smith, after all, is 54 Philosophy & Public Affairs hardly likely to bless us if we say to him, â€Å"Of course it’s your coat, anybody would grant that it is. But no one may choose between you and Jones who is to have it.We should really ask what it is that says â€Å"no one may choose† in the face of the fact that the body that houses the child is the mother’s body. It may be simply a failure to appreciate this fact. But it may be something more interesting, namely the sense that one has a right to refuse to lay hands on people, even where it would be just and fair to do so, even where justice seems to require that somebody do so. Thus justice might call for somebody to get Smith’s coat back from Jones, and yet you have a right to refuse to be the one to lay hands on Jones, a right to refuse to do physical violence to him. This, I think, must be granted. But then what should be said is not â€Å"no one may choose,† but only â€Å"I cannot choose,† and indeed not even this, but â€Å"I will not act,† leaving it open that somebody else can or should, and in particular that anyone in a position of authority, with the job of securing people’s rights, both can and should. So this is no difficulty. I have not been arguing that any given third party must accede to the mother’s request that he perform an abortion to save her life, but only that he may. I suppose that in some views of human life the mother’s body is only on loan to her, the loan not being one which gives her any prior claim to it. One who held this view might well think it impartiality to say â€Å"I cannot choose. † But I shall simply ignore this possibility. My own view is that if a human being has any just, prior claim to anything at all, he has a just, prior claim to his own body. And perhaps this needn’t be argued for here anyway, since, as I mentioned, the arguments against abortion we are looking at do grant that the woman has a right to decide what happens in and to her body. But although they do grant it, I have tried to show that they do not take seriously what is done in granting it. I suggest the same thing will reappear even more clearly when we turn away from cases in which the mother’s life is at stake, and attend, as I propose we now do, to the vastly more common cases in which a woman wants an abortion for some less weighty reason than preserving her own life. 3. Where the mother’s life is not at stake, the argument I mentioned at the outset seems to have a much stronger pull. â€Å"Everyone 55 A Defense of Abortion as a right to life, so the unborn person has a right to life. † And isn’t the child’s right to life weightier than anything other than the mother’s own right to life, which she might put forward as ground for an abortion? This argument treats the right to life as if it were unproblematic. It is not, and this seems to me to be precisely the source of the mistake. For we should now, at long last , ask what it comes to, to have a right to life. In some views having a right to life includes having a right to be given at least the bare minimum one needs for continued life. But suppose that what in fact is the bare minimum a man needs for continued life is something he has no right at all to be given? If I am sick unto death, and the only thing that will save my life is the touch of Henry Fonda’s cool hand on my fevered brow, then all the same, I have no right to be given the touch of Henry Fonda’s cool hand on my fevered brow. It would be frightfully nice of him to fly in from the West Coast to provide it. It would be less nice, though no doubt well meant, if my friends flew out to the West Coast and carried Henry Fonda back with them. But I have no right at all against anybody that he should do this for me. Or again, to return to the story I told earlier, the fact that for continued life that violinist needs the continued use of your kidneys does not establish that he has a right to be given the continued use of your kidneys. He certainly has no right against you that you should give him continued use of your kidneys. For nobody has any right to use your kidneys unless you give him such a right; and nobody has the right against you that you shall give him this right-if you do allow him to go on using your kidneys, this is a kindness on your part, and not something he can claim from you as his due. Nor has he any right against anybody else that they should give him continued use of your kidneys. Certainly he had no right against the Society of Music Lovers that they should plug him into you in the first place. And if you now start to unplug yourself, having learned that you will otherwise have to spend nine years in bed with him, there is nobody in the world who must try to prevent you, in order to see to it that he is given something he has a right to be given. Some people are rather stricter about the right to life. In their view, it does not include the right to be given anything, but amounts to, 56 Philosophy & Public Affairs and only to, the right not to be killed by anybody. But here a related difficulty arises. If everybody is to refrain from killing that violinist, then everybody must refrain from doing a great many different sorts of things. Everybody must refrain from slitting his throat, everybody must refrain from shooting him-and everybody must refrain from unplugging you from him. But does he have a right against everybody that they shall refrain from unplugging you from him? To refrain from doing this is to allow him to continue to use your kidneys. It could be argued that he has a right against us that we should allow him to continue to use your kidneys. That is, while he had no right against us that we should give him the use of your kidneys, it might be argued that he anyway has a right against us that we shall not now intervene and deprive him of the use of your kidneys. I shall come back to third-party interventions later. But certainly the violinist has no right against you that you shall allow him to continue to use your kidneys. As I said, if you do allow him to use them, it is a kindness on your part, and not something you owe him. The difficulty I point to here is not peculiar to the right to life. It reappears in connection with all the other natural rights; and it is something which an adequate account of rights must deal with. For present purposes it is enough just to draw attention to it. But I would stress that I am not arguing that people do not have a right to lifequite to the contrary, it seems to me that the primary control we must place on the acceptability of an account of rights is that it should turn out in that account to be a truth that all persons have a right to life. I am arguing only that having a right to life does not guarantee having either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed continued use of another person’s body-even if one needs it for life itself. So the right to life will not serve the opponents of abortion in the very simple and clear way in which they seem to have thought it would. 4. There is another way to bring out the difficulty. In the most ordinary sort of case, to deprive someone of what he has a right to is to treat him unjustly. Suppose a boy and his small brother are jointly given a box of chocolates for Christmas. If the older boy takes the box and refuses to give his brother any of the chocolates, he is unjust to -him, for the brother has been given a right to half of them. But 57 A Defense of Abortion uppose that, having learned that otherwise it means nine years in bed with that violinist, you unplug yourself from him. You surely are not being unjust to him, for you gave him no right to use your kidneys, and no one else can have given him any such right. But we have to notice that in unplugging yourself, you are killing him; and violinists, like everybody else, have a right to life, and thus in the view we wer e considering just now, the right not to be killed. So here you do what he supposedly has a right you shall not do, but you do not act unjustly to him in doing it. The emendation which may be made at this point is this: the right to life consists not in the right not to be killed, but rather in the right not to be killed unjustly. This runs a risk of circularity, but never mind: it would enable us to square the fact that the violinist has a right to life with the fact that you do not act unjustly toward him in unplugging yourself, thereby killing him. For if you do not kill him unjustly, you do not violate his right to life, and so it is no wonder you do him no injustice. But if this emendation is accepted, the gap in the argument against abortion stares us plainly in the face: it is by no means enough to show that the fetus is a person, and to remind us that all persons have a right to life-we need to be shown also that killing the fetus violates its right to life, i. e. , that abortion is unjust killing. And is it? I suppose we may take it as a datum that in a case of pregnancy due to rape the mother has not given the unborn person a right to the use of her body for food and shelter. Indeed, in what pregnancy could it be supposed that the mother has given the unborn person such a right? It is not as if there were unborn persons drifting about the world, to whom a woman who wants a child says â€Å"I invite you in. † But it might be argued that there are other ways one can have acquired a right to the use of another person’s body than by having been invited to use it by that person. Suppose a woman voluntarily indulges in intercourse, knowing of the chance it will issue in pregnancy, and then she does become pregnant; is she not in part responsible for the presence, in fact the very existence, of the unborn person inside her? No doubt she did not invite it in. But doesn’t her partial responsibility for its being there itself give it a right to the use of her 58 Philosophy ; Public Affairs body? 7 If so, then her aborting it would be more like the boy’s taking away the chocolates, and less like your unplugging yourself from the violinist-doing so would be depriving it of what it does have a right to, and thus would be doing it an injustice. And then, too, it might be asked whether or not she can kill it even to save her own life: If she voluntarily called it into existence, how can she now kill it, even in self-defense? The first thing to be said about this is that it is something new. Opponents of abortion have been so concerned to make out the independence of the fetus, in order to establish that it has a right to life, just as its mother does, that they have tended to overlook the possible support they might gain from making out that the fetus is dependent on the mother, in order to establish that she has a special kind of responsibility for it, a responsibility that gives it rights against her which are not possessed by any independent person-such as an ailing violinist who is a stranger to her. On the other hand, this argument would give the unborn person a right to its mother’s body only if her pregnancy resulted from a voluntary act, undertaken in full knowledge of the chance a pregnancy might result from it. It would leave out entirely the unborn person whose existence is due to rape. Pending the availability of some further argument, then, we would be left with the conclusion that unborn persons whose existence is due to rape have no right to the use of their mothers’ bodies, and thus that aborting them is not depriving them of anything they have a right to and hence is not unjust killing. And we should also notice that it is not at all plain that this argument really does go even as far as it purports to. For there are cases and cases, and the details make a difference. If the room is stuffy, and I therefore open a window to air it, and a burglar climbs in, it would be absurd to say,†Ah, now he can stay, she’s given him a right to the use of her house-for she is partially responsible for his presence there, having voluntarily done what enabled him to get in, in full knowledge that there are such things as burglars, and that burglars 7. The need for a discussion of this argument was brought home to me by members of the Society for Ethical and Legal Philosophy, to whom this paper was originally presented. 59 A Defense of Abortion burgle. † It would be still more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, precisely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a defect in the bars. It remains equally absurd if we imagine it is not a burglar who climbs in, but an innocent person who blunders or falls in. Again, suppose it were like this: people-seeds drift about in the air like pollen, and if you open your windows, one may drift in and take root in your carpets or upholstery. You don’t want children, so you fix up your windows with fine mesh screens, the very best you can buy. As can happen, however, and on very, very rare occasions does happen, one of the screens is defective; and a seed drifts in and takes root. Does the person-plant who now develops have a right to the use of your house? Surely not-despite the fact that you voluntarily opened your windows, you knowingly kept carpets and upholstered furniture, and you knew that screens were sometimes defective. Someone may argue that you are responsible for its rooting, that it does have a right to your house, because after all you could have lived out your life with bare floors and furniture, or with sealed windows and doors. But this won’t do-for by the same token anyone can avoid a pregnancy due to rape by having a hysterectomy, or anyway by never leaving home without a (reliable!army. It seems to me that the argument we are looking at can establish at most that there are some cases in which the unborn person has a right to the use of its mother’s body, and therefore some cases in which abortion is unjust killing. There is room for much discussion and argument as to precisely which, if any. But I think we should sidestep this issue and leave it open, for at any rate the argument certainly does not est ablish that all abortion is unjust killing. 5. There is room for yet another argument here, however. We surely must all grant that there may be cases in which it would be morally indecent to detach a person from your body at the cost of his life. Suppose you learn that what the violinist needs is not nine years of your life, but only one hour: all you need do to save his life is to spend one hour in that bed with him. Suppose also that letting him use your kidneys for that one hour would not affect your health in the slightest. Admittedly you were kidnapped. Admittedly you did not give 6o Philosophy & Public Affairs anyone permission to plug him into you. Nevertheless it seems to me plain you ought to allow him to use your kidneys for that hour-it would be indecent to refuse. Again, suppose pregnancy lasted only an hour, and constituted no threat to life or health. And suppose that a woman becomes pregnant as a result of rape. Admittedly she did not voluntarily do anything to bring about the existence of a child. Admittedly she did nothing at all which would give the unborn person a right to the use of her body. All the same it might well be said, as in the newly emended violinist story, that she ought to allow it to remain for that hour-that it would be indecent in her to refuse. Now some people are inclined to use the term â€Å"right†in such a way that it follows from the fact that you ought to allow a person to use your body for the hour he needs, that he has a right to use your body for the hour he needs, even though he has not been given that right by any person or act. They may say that it follows also that if you refuse, you act unjustly toward him. This use of the term is perhaps so common that it cannot be called wrong; nevertheless it seems to me to be an unfortunate loosening of what we would do better to keep a tight rein on. Suppose that box of chocolates I mentioned earlier had not been given to both boys jointly, but was given only to the older boy. There he sits, stolidly eating his way through the box, his small brother watching enviously. Here we are likely to say â€Å"Youought not to be so mean. You ought to give your brother some of those chocolates. † My own view is that it just does not follow from the truth of this that the brother has any right to any of the chocolates. If the boy refuses to give his brother any, he is greedy, stingy, callous-but not unjust. I suppose that the people I have in mind will say it does follow that the brother has a right to some of the chocolates, and thus that the boy does act unjustly if he refuses to give his brother any. But the effect of saying this is to obscure what we should keep distinct, namely the difference between the boy’s refusal in this case and the boy’s refusal in the earlier case, in which the box was given to both boys jointly, and in which the small brother thus had what was from any point of view clear title to half. A further objection to so using the term â€Å"right†that from the fact that A ought to do a thing for B, it follows that B has a right against A 6I A Defense of Abortion that A do it for him, is that it is going to make the question of whether or not a man has a right to a thing turn on how easy it is to provide him with it; and this seems not merely unfortunate, but morally unacceptable. Take the case of Henry Fonda again. I said earlier that I had no right to the touch of his cool hand on my fevered brow, even though I needed it to save my life. I said it would be frightfully nice of him to fly in from the West Coast to provide me with it, but that I had no right against him that he should do so. But suppose he isn’t on the West Coast. Suppose he has only to walk across the room, place a hand briefly on my brow-and lo, my life is saved. Then surely he ought to do it, it would be indecent to refuse. Is it to be said â€Å"Ah, well, it follows that in this case she has a right to the touch of his hand on her brow, and so it would be an injustice in him to refuse†? So that I have a right to it when it is easy for him to provide it, though no right when it’s hard? It’s rather a shocking idea that anyone’s rights should fade away and disappear as it gets harder and harder to accord them to him. So my own view is that even though you ought to let the violinist use your kidneys for the one hour he needs, we should not conclude that he has a right to do so-we should say that if you refuse, you are, like the boy who owns all the chocolates and will give none away, self-centered and callous, indecent in fact, but not unjust. And similarly, that even supposing a case in which a woman pregnant due to rape ought to allow the unborn person to use her body for the hour he needs, we should not conclude that he has a right to do so; we should conclude that she is self-centered, callous, indecent, but not unjust, if she refuses. The complaints are no less grave; they are just different. However, there is no need to insist on this point. If anyone does wish to deduce â€Å"he has a ight† from â€Å"you ought,† then all the same he must surely grant that there are cases in which it is not morally required of you that you allow that violinist to use your kidneys, and in which he does not have a right to use them, and in which you do not do him an injustice if you refuse. And so also for mother and unborn child. Except in such cases as the unborn person has a right to demand it-and we were leaving open the possibility that there may be such cases-nobody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interests and concerns, of all other duties 62 Philosophy & Public Affairs and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive. 6. We have in fact to distinguish between two kinds of Samaritan: the Good Samaritan and what we might call the Minimally Decent Samaritan. The story of the Good Samaritan, you will remember, goes like this: A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead. And by chance there came down a certain priest that way; and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side. And likewise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was; and when he saw him he had compassion on him. And went to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and wine, and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. And on the morrow, when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, â€Å"Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee.(Luke I0:30-35) The Good Samaritan went out of his way, at some cost to himself, to help one in need of it. We are not told what the options were, that is, whether or not the priest and the Levite could have helped by doing less than the Good Samaritan did, but assuming they could have, then the fact they did nothing at all shows they were not even Minimally Decent Samaritans, not because they were not Samaritans, but because they w ere not even minimally decent. These things are a matter of degree, of course, but there is a difference, and it comes out perhaps most clearly in the story of Kitty Genovese, who, as you will remember, was murdered while thirtyeight people watched or listened, and did nothing at all to help her. A Good Samaritan would have rushed out to give direct assistance 63 A Defense of Abortion against the murderer. Or perhaps we had better allow that it would have been a Splendid Samaritan who did this, on the ground that it would have involved a risk of death for himself. But the thirty-eight not only did not do this, they did not even trouble to pick up a phone to call the police. Minimally Decent Samaritanism would call for doing at least that, and their not having done it was monstrous. After telling the story of the Good Samaritan, Jesus said â€Å"Go, and do thou likewise. † Perhaps he meant that we are morally required to act as the Good Samaritan did. Perhaps he was urging people to do more than is morally required of them. At all events it seems plain that it was not morally required of any of the thirty-eight that he rush out to give direct assistance at the risk of his own life, and that it is not morally required of anyone that he give long stretches of his lifenine years or nine months-to sustaining the life of a person who has no special right (we were leaving open the possibility of this) to demand it. Indeed, with one rather striking class of exceptions, no one in any country in the world is legally required to do anywhere near as much as this for anyone else.

Ea Enables Essay - 1355 Words

Enterprise Architecture Enables Processes Paper Introduction Enterprise Architecture is defined as the representation of all the components, processes and policies of an organization. Architecture is the process of moving a business vision and strategy into effective change, communicating the current capabilities and rethinking the principles and models that describe the future state of the company and facilitate their evolution (Fui-Hoon, Lee-Shang, and Kuang, 2001). Enterprise Architecture is a strategic practice, which connects the relationship between business initiatives that leverage technology, to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses, and develop strategies for transformation, from the current architecture to an†¦show more content†¦The organization can identify methods that need to be change or improved. In addition, the architecture allows the organizations to recognize current and future objectives (Schekkerman,2003). The concept development phase begins the life cycle when a need is identified and requires developing a system or change a legacy system identified. During this phase, the need is identified it is documented then a feasibility study is conducted. The approach selected should be approved and also funds to be used in the planning phase. The EA enhances and allows the concept development phase. It has an adaptable documentation option that can be used to document the discover needs. The planning phase starts after identifying the project and allocating resources to the project, and then a project plan is created. The plan records the process that will be used to solve the problem. The plan states the process and resources to be used in the project. The requirement definition phase permits organizations to set and define the functional user requirements for a project. The functional user requirements are stated in the functional requirements document. 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